Electronic immunosensors are indispensable tools for
diagnostics, particularly in scenarios demanding immediate results.
Conventionally, these sensors rely on the chemical immobilization of antibodies
onto electrodes. However, globular proteins tend to adsorb and unfold on these
surfaces. Therefore, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiolated alkyl
molecules are commonly used for indirect gold–antibody coupling. Here, a
limitation associated with SAMs is revealed, wherein they curtail the longevity
of protein sensors, particularly when integrated into the state-of-the-art
transducer of organic bioelectronics—the organic electrochemical transistor.
The SpyDirect method is introduced, generating an ultrahigh-density array of
oriented nanobody receptors stably linked to the gold electrode without any
SAMs. It is accomplished by directly coupling cysteine-terminated and
orientation-optimized spyTag peptides, onto which nanobody-spyCatcher fusion
proteins are autocatalytically attached, yielding a dense and uniform
biorecognition layer. The structure-guided design optimizes the conformation
and packing of flexibly tethered nanobodies. This biolayer enhances shelf-life
and reduces background noise in various complex media. SpyDirect
functionalization is faster and easier than SAM-based methods and does not
necessitate organic solvents, rendering the sensors eco-friendly, accessible,
and amenable to scalability. SpyDirect represents a broadly applicable
biofunctionalization method for enhancing the cost-effectiveness,
sustainability, and longevity of electronic biosensors, all without
compromising sensitivity.